呋喃妥因
| 臨床資料 | |
|---|---|
| 商品名 | Macrobid及其他[1] |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682291 |
| 核准狀況 | |
| 懷孕分級 | |
| 给药途径 | 口服給藥[4] |
| 藥物類別 | 抗生素 |
| ATC碼 | |
| 法律規範狀態 | |
| 法律規範 |
|
| 藥物動力學數據 | |
| 生物利用度 | ~20–94%[11][12][13] |
| 血漿蛋白結合率 | 60–77% (主要與人類血清白蛋白)[14][13] |
| 生物半衰期 | 0.33–1.7小時[12][15][11][14][13] |
| 排泄途徑 | 幾乎全經由尿液 (4–59%在3–30小時,其中有~20–25%為藥物原型) 及膽汁[12][15][11][4][14][13] |
| 识别信息 | |
| |
| CAS号 | 67-20-9 |
| PubChem CID | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.587 |
| 化学信息 | |
| 化学式 | C8H6N4O5 |
| 摩尔质量 | 238.16 g·mol−1 |
| 3D模型(JSmol) | |
| 熔点 | 270至272 °C(518至522 °F) (decomp.) |
| |
| |
呋喃妥因 (INN:nitrofurantoin),在市場上的商品名稱有Macrobid等,是一種硝基呋喃類的抗生素,用於治療尿路感染 (UTIs),但對於腎臟感染的治療效果不佳。[16]
使用後常見的副作用有噁心、食慾不振、腹瀉和頭痛。[16]極少數情況下可能會出現麻木、肺部問題或是肝臟問題。[16]雖然它在個體於懷孕期間使用,對於胎兒似乎安全,但不建議在接近分娩時使用。[16][2]它通常透過減緩細菌生長來發揮作用。因為呋喃妥因在血液中的濃度非常低,無法在身體的其他部位(例如腎臟)達到殺菌效果。只有在經過腎臟,並濃縮到尿液中時,才足以殺死細菌。。[17][9]
呋喃妥因於1953年首次獲准上市販售。[18]它已列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中,[19]市面上有其通用名藥物(學名藥)販售。[16]此藥物在2023年是美國開立處方量排名第143位的藥物,累積的處方箋數量超過300萬張。[20][21]
醫療用途
[编辑]
尿路感染
[编辑]呋喃妥因的用途包括治療非複雜性尿路感染,以及為容易復發尿路感染的患者進行預防性用藥。[9]它是治療急性非複雜性膀胱炎的一線療法。[22]但不建議用於經驗性治療醫院內感染的尿路感染。[22]
由於細菌對其他常用藥物(例如複方新諾明和喹諾酮類藥物)的抗藥性日益增加,使得在當今的尿路感染治療中,對使用呋喃妥因的興趣也隨之增加。[23][24]呋喃妥因在治療尿路感染方面的療效,加上細菌對其產生抗藥性的機率低,使其成為美國傳染病學會和歐洲臨床微生物學與傳染病學會共同推薦,用於治療非複雜性尿路感染的一線藥物之一。[25]
對臨床試驗進行的統合分析中,呋喃妥因的尿路感染臨床治癒率為79%至92%,細菌清除率為80%至92%。[15][26]使用呋喃妥因治療7天與治療5天相比,並沒更有效,但治療5天的效果優於治療3天的(後者的臨床治癒率為61%至70%)。[15][26][22]呋喃妥因治療5天的療效,與單劑量磷黴素的效果相當。[27]
呋喃妥因用作尿路感染的預防性用藥,與其他抗生素的療效相似,其尿路感染的風險比為0.38(感染的風險只有對照組的38%)。[28][29]若將呋喃妥因作為預防性用藥長期(每日)服用,不同劑量(每日50毫克、每日75毫克、每日100毫克,或每日兩次,各50毫克)的療效沒有差異。[28]雖然療效相似,但預防性使用呋喃妥因與其他抗生素相比,顯示出不良反應的風險增加(風險比為2.17至2.24)。[28][29]呋喃妥因的不良反應多半是在腸胃道出現。[29]
其他細菌性感染
[编辑]不建議將呋喃妥因用於治療腎盂腎炎(即腎臟感染)[25]和腹內膿瘍,[30]因為其在組織中的滲透性極差,且在血液中的濃度很低。[16][22]
呋喃妥因似乎極少滲透到前列腺中。[31][32][33]因此不建議使用呋喃妥因來根除慢性細菌性前列腺炎。[34]雖然如此,對於患有抗生素難治或復發性慢性細菌性前列腺炎的男性,使用呋喃妥因作預防性用途,可能對預防尿路感染和控制症狀有所幫助。[31][35][36]但截至2020年,相關的支持數據仍然不足。[31]
抗菌活性
[编辑]呋喃妥因可用於治療由上述細菌引起的感染。[38]
然而,以下的許多或所有菌株對呋喃妥因具有抗藥性:[38][37]
特殊族群
[编辑]懷孕
[编辑]呋喃妥因在澳大利亞被歸類為懷孕等級A類藥物。[3]它是少數幾種常用於治療孕婦尿路感染的藥物之一。[39]然而如果在接近分娩時使用,新生兒有罹患溶血性貧血的潛在風險。[3]此外,在懷孕後期服用此藥物的婦女,其新生兒罹患新生兒黃疸的風險也較高。[40]
截至2017年,關於在懷孕早期使用該藥物的安全性證據仍不一致。[41]美國婦產科醫師學會表示,雖然呋喃妥因可在懷孕初期使用,但其他替代方案可能更受青睞。[41]不過它在懷孕中期仍是一線治療藥物。[41]一項於2015年發表的統合分析報告,提出在世代研究中,懷孕初期使用此藥物並未增加風險,但在病例對照研究中則發現畸形風險略有增加。[42]
禁忌症
[编辑]對於腎功能下降的患者(肌酸酐清除率CrCl < 60毫升/分鐘),呋喃妥因是禁忌用藥。[9]因為藥物會全身性在體內累積,導致在泌尿道中的濃度不足以達到治療效果。然而一項回顧性圖表審查顯示支持此切點(< 60毫升/分鐘)的數據不足,而以肌酸酐清除率< 40毫升/分鐘作為切點可能更合適。[43]許多這種藥物的嚴重副作用在老年人和腎功能不全的患者中更為常見,通常是藥物會滯留在這類人的體內,達到更高的全身性濃度。根據2012年的美國老年醫學會比爾斯準則,不建議老年人使用此藥物。[44]
呋喃妥因也禁用於一個月以下的嬰兒,因為他們的紅血球中酵素系統不成熟(麩胱甘肽不穩定),使用呋喃妥因可能會導致溶血性貧血。此外,由於有在血管內溶血和引發貧血的風險,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶缺乏症 (G6PD),俗稱蠶豆症的患者也禁用此藥物。[9]
不良反應
[编辑]使用呋喃妥因最常見的副作用是噁心、頭痛和脹氣。較不常見的不良反應(發生率低於1%)則有:[9]
如果作為預防性用藥而長期,且每日服用,呋喃妥因的副作用發生率在0%到29%之間。[29]此類副作用通常輕微、可逆,且主要為腸胃道性質。[29]
肺部毒性
[编辑]呋喃妥因所引起的肺部毒性可分為急性、亞急性和慢性三種。急性和亞急性反應被認為是過敏反應所引起,通常在停藥後就會好轉。估計每5,000名服用此藥的女性中,約有1人會出現急性反應。[45][46]這些反應通常在服用呋喃妥因的第一劑藥後3-8天內發生,但也可能在開始服藥後數小時至數週內出現。症狀包括:發燒、呼吸困難、發冷、咳嗽、肋膜性胸痛、頭痛、背痛和上腹痛。胸部X光片常會顯示出類似於肺水腫的單側或雙側浸潤。[47]
由呋喃妥因引起的慢性肺部反應包括瀰漫性間質性肺病、肺纖維化,或兩者皆有。[9]這種不常見的反應可能在開始服藥後1個月至6年內發生,通常與藥物的終生總劑量有關。其症狀表現為進行性呼吸急促。[48]重要的是當懷疑出現肺部副作用時,必須辨識出呋喃妥因可能是原因之一,並立即停藥。如果及早停藥,這種反應通常為可逆。[46]
肝臟毒性
[编辑]肝臟反應,包括肝炎、膽汁淤積性黃疸、慢性活動性肝炎和肝細胞壞死,均為罕見情況。[49]
神經病變
[编辑]神經病變是服用呋喃妥因罕見的副作用。病患可能在手腳末端出現襪套-手套樣的麻木和刺痛感,這種症狀在停藥後可能改善,但也可能不會。[50]
腸道菌群
[编辑]研究發現呋喃妥因會改變腸道菌群的組成。[51]在三項臨床研究中,發現其影響有:放線菌門、雙歧桿菌屬和梭菌屬的豐度增加,糞桿菌屬的豐度減少,以及沒有變化等情況。[51]呋喃妥因也與艱難擬梭菌感染及其相關腹瀉的風險增加有關,與其他抗生素的情況類似。[52][53]然而,這項結論僅基於一項只有兩例病例的研究。[52][53]其他資料來源則指出,使用呋喃妥因引起艱難擬梭菌感染的風險較低。[22]
藥物交互作用
[编辑]史上曾有報告指出呋喃妥因是一種類似雙硫侖的藥物,與酒精併用時會產生酒精不耐受型的反應。[54]然而,後續的臨床研究未能重現這類狀況,因此早期的研究結果被認為有誤。[54]
藥理學
[编辑]如果一個微生物的最小抑菌濃度為32微克/毫升或更低,則稱其對呋喃妥因敏感。口服100毫克呋喃妥因後,其在血中的最高濃度低於1微克/毫升,甚至可能無法被檢測出。它的生物利用度約為90%,尿液排泄率為40%。[14]藥物的組織滲透性可忽略不計,但其在尿液中的濃度非常高。這是因為75%的劑量會在肝臟中快速代謝,但有25%的劑量以未經代謝的形式經由尿液中排出人體,可穩定達到200微克/毫升或更高的濃度。在對狗的研究中,大部分的尿液排泄是透過腎絲球過濾,並伴隨一些透過腎小管的主動分泌作用而被排入尿液中。[55]同時也存在腎小管吸收,這種吸收作用會隨著尿液酸化而增強。[55]然而呋喃妥因的活性也依賴pH值,當pH值高於6時,其平均抑菌濃度會急劇上升。[55]總結來說,呋喃妥因無法用於治療除單純性膀胱炎以外的感染。
在尿液中可達到的濃度下(>100微克/毫升),呋喃妥因是一種殺菌劑。而在濃度低於32微克/毫升時,它對大多數易感細菌來說則是抑菌劑。[9]
在體外實驗中,呋喃妥因與喹諾酮類藥物會產生相互拮抗作用。但目前尚不清楚這是否具有臨床意義。[9]
細菌對呋喃妥因的抗藥性可能由染色體或質體介導,其機制涉及抑制硝基呋喃還原酶。[56]目前大腸桿菌具有抗藥性的情況仍然罕見。呋喃妥因及其代謝物主要經由腎臟排出。若有腎功能不全,而無法將足夠的藥物濃縮到尿液中,而可能不足以產生治療效果。[57]
作用機制
[编辑]呋喃妥因會集中在尿液中,使其在泌尿道內的濃度比在其他組織或體液中的更高且更有效。[46]舉例來說,口服100毫克劑量後,血漿濃度通常低於1微克/毫升,但在尿液中的濃度可達到200微克/毫升。[58]
此藥物透過破壞細菌DNA來發揮作用,因為其還原形式具有高度反應性。[9]這是因為細菌細胞內的黃素蛋白 (即硝基呋喃還原酶) 會快速將呋喃妥因還原成多種活性中間體,這些中間體會攻擊細胞內的核糖體蛋白、DNA、[59]呼吸作用、丙酮酸代謝及其他巨分子。呋喃妥因對細菌細胞的影響大於哺乳動物細胞,因為細菌細胞活化藥物的速度更快。目前尚不清楚呋喃妥因的哪種作用是其殺菌活性的主因。由於其作用機制廣泛,影響細菌細胞內多種重要的不同過程,這可能就是細菌對其抗藥性發展較慢的原因。[9]
歷史
[编辑]呋喃妥因自1953年起就被核准用於治療下尿路感染。[18]
社會與文化
[编辑]商品名稱
[编辑]呋喃妥因在全球許多國家以不同的商品名進行行銷。[60]
動物飼料
[编辑]在越南、中國、巴西和泰國的雞肉中,曾發現呋喃妥因等硝基呋喃類獸醫用抗生素的分解殘留物。[61]對此,各國和地區已採取相關的管制措施:
- 歐盟:在理事會第2377/90號法規的附件四中,(此為"無法設定最大殘留限量的藥理活性物質清單"),而禁止其用於供食用動物。
- 美國食品藥物管理局 (FDA):自1985年2月起禁止供食用的動物身上使用使用呋喃他酮(包括禁止在飼料中使用),並於1992年1月撤銷對其他硝基呋喃類藥物的批准(除一些外用用途)。而呋喃唑酮和硝基呋喃唑的外用用途也在2002年被禁止。
- 澳大利亞:於1992年禁止在食品生產中使用硝基呋喃類藥物。
- 日本:未對硝基呋喃類藥物設定最大殘留限量 - 即實施"零容忍"或"無殘留"的標準。
- 泰國:衛生部於2001年發佈關於食品中獸醫藥物最大殘留限量的第231號公告,其中並未對硝基呋喃類藥物設定最大殘留限量。農業與合作社部則早已在1999年禁止在動物飼料中進口和使用呋喃唑酮和硝基呋喃唑,並於2002年將禁令擴大到所有硝基呋喃類藥物。
富來頓、呋喃他酮和呋喃西林等幾種硝基呋喃的代謝物,會導致大鼠罹患癌症或產生基因損傷。[61]
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|article-number=(帮助) - ^ Lipsky BA, Byren I, Hoey CT. Treatment of bacterial prostatitis. Clin Infect Dis. June 2010, 50 (12): 1641–1652. PMID 20459324. doi:10.1086/652861.
Nitrofurantoin prostatic levels are likely nontherapeutic.
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Good to excellent penetration into prostatic fluid and tissue has been demonstrated with many antimicrobial agents, including tobramycin, netilmicin, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides and nitrofurantoin. [...] Nitrofurantoin is a lipid-soluble weak acid with a pKa value that is somewhat favorable for diffusion into prostatic fluid [78]. Although low levels of nitrofurantoin were achieved in prostatic fluid in dogs, the administration of standard oral doses of this drug to men results in levels of ≤1 μg/ml of blood; such levels guarantee that the levels attained in prostatic fluid will be nontherapeutic.
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. PMID 35286622. doi:10.1007/s40265-022-01676-5. We agree with guidelines [270] recommending fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, and tetracyclines for treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis, if the causative organism is susceptible. Emerging pharmacologic and clinical data also support the use of oral fosfomycin 3g every 2 days for 6–12 weeks for treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis [256, 266, 271]. We avoid prescribing nitrofurantoin due to concerns of poor prostatic concentration [265].
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. PMID 26313612. A third-line option is chronic oral antibiotic suppression to prevent recurrent cystitis. There is the potential for side effects with any medication, thus the risks of chronic antibiotic use (such as tendon damage with quinolones) must be weighed against the potential benefits. However, a chronic suppression approach only mandates adequate drug levels in the urine and does not require penetrance of the prostate, thus many antibiotic choices with a safer side effect profile are available, such as nitrofurantoin and cephalosporins.
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The fluoroquinolone antibiotics given for 2 to 4 weeks will cure about 70% of chronic bacterial infections of the prostate. If this treatment fails, the symptomatic manifestations of the infections can almost always be eliminated with suppressive antimicrobial therapy using [...] nitrofurantoin. [...] Reported experiences with chronic bacterial prostatitis indicate that low-dose [...] nitrofurantoin (50 or 100 mg once daily) are remarkably effective.1,8 A large experience with these agents for prophylaxis against frequent urinary tract reinfection in women suggest that indefinite treatment is generally well tolerated.1 [...] Nitrofurantoin macrocrystals, 100 mg twice daily for 7 days is recommended for the initial treatment of suspected chronic bacterial prostatitis [...] Nitrofurantoin macrocrystals will not eradicate bacteria in the prostate and will facilitate the interpretation of subsequent lower tract bacterial localization studies.9
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. 已忽略未知参数|article-number=(帮助) - ^ Amit G, Cohen P, Ackerman Z. Nitrofurantoin-induced chronic active hepatitis. The Israel Medical Association Journal. March 2002, 4 (3): 184–186. PMID 11908259.
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