User:Kurgenera/Test91

现代标准汉语中的脏话，最核心的表现形式通常涉及对性行为的隐喻，以及对他人祖先——尤其是母亲——的蔑视与侮辱。除了这类常见的攻击手段，相较于西方语境，汉语中还有一类独特的侮辱方式，即通过指责对方不具备基本的人格特质，将其斥为非人类的范畴。如果与罗曼语族语境进行横向对比，可以发现汉语在使用排泄物或是涉及亵渎神灵的词汇作为咒骂语时，频率明显要低得多。

性

男性生殖器

与英语的情况类似，许多现代标准汉语的俚语都涉及生殖器或其他性相关的术语。针对男性生殖器的俚语通常取其字面意义，且在某些语境下并不一定带有负面色彩：

• 屌 （读音：diǎo；粵語：diu2，或常以“吊”字替代）：意指男性生殖器。在粤语中，相同的汉字也代指性交，有时亦写作“𨳒”。
• 𡳞 (lìn)：其含义与“屌”相同，主要流行于福建和广东等南方地区，在粤语中也常写作“𨶙”。普通话使用者常将其误读或误解为“卵”（luǎn），不过有时“卵”字也会被当作一种委婉的替代表达。
• 屌丝：字面意思为“阴毛”。该词最初用于指代那些没有特权的社会无名小卒，曾是典型的互联网俚语，而现在已成为一种广泛使用的自嘲式流行语。

女性生殖器

• 屄（bī，常以“逼”、“比”、或字母“B”替代)：意指女性生殖器，在口语中常作为感叹词而非名词使用。
• 傻屄（亦常写为“傻X”)：意为“愚蠢的女性生殖器”，指代愚蠢的人，常缩写为“SB”。
• 骚屄：意为“淫荡的女性生殖器”，意同“婊子”或“贱货”。
• 臭屄：字面意思为臭不可闻的女性生殖器。
• 烂屄：字面意思为腐烂的女性生殖器。
• 装屄（意为“装作那个生殖器”)：指代装模作样、摆架子的人。

性交易

除了上述针对女性的侮辱性表达外，其他侮辱方式还包括影射对方从事性交易：

• 臭婊子：字面意思为臭不可闻的妓女。
• 绿茶婊：指外表清纯、但靠引诱男性甚至出卖肉体获得名利的女性。
• 鸡 (jī)：字面意为“小鸡”，指代女性性工作者。
• 鸭 (yā)：字面意为“鸭子”，指代男性性工作者。

性交

• 肏 (cào，亦常写为“操”、“草”、“艹”）：意指性交。第一个汉字由“入”和“肉”组成，形象地表达了其动作含义；第二个汉字则是词源上的形声字，其标准本意为“练习”或“操持”。
• 干（gàn）：意指去做、去从事，引申为性交，该用法最初源自闽南语中的“姦”。

侮辱语

肏（cào）等于 fuck（变体字“肏”早在明代小说《金瓶梅》中就已使用。在印刷品或电脑上，由于“肏”字直到近期才常被排版或输入法支持，人们经常使用“操”作为替代字）。

肏你祖宗十八代（cào nǐ zǔzōng shíbā dài）等于“干你的祖宗十八代”；在现代标准汉语中，肏（cào）常被替代为“操”；而肏（fuck）有时也被替代为“抄”，后者的本意是“没收某人及其整个家族的所有财产”。在中国，由于儒家思想的影响，祭祖是社会的一个重要方面，孝道和对祖先的尊重被认为至关重要；因此，侮辱他人的祖先是一个敏感问题，通常带有极强的对抗性。

母亲

侮辱他人的母亲也很常见：

他妈的（tā māde，缩写为 TMD）：字面意思是“[干]他妈的”，但经常被用作“该死！”（字面意为“他母亲的”；在20世纪20年代，著名作家鲁迅曾开玩笑说这应该是中国的国骂）。

他娘的（tā niángde）等于 damn it。

他妈巴子（tā mā bāzi）：他母亲的阴蒂。鲁迅将这种表达方式与前一种区分开来。这一句可以带有赞赏的语气说出，而“他妈的”纯粹是辱骂。参见他的文章《论“他妈的”》。

他妈的鸟（tā māde niǎo）：‘他母亲的阴茎’等于 goddamn it（“鸟”字面意思是“bird”，但在这里被用作“屌”的委婉语）。

去你奶奶的（qù nǐ nǎinaide；‘go to your grandma’）等于“去你的”。

去你妈的（qù nǐ māde；‘go to your mom’）等于“去你的”。

去你的（qù nǐde）等于去死吧、滚开、闭嘴（常用于开玩笑，被认为是温和且不具侮辱性的）。

你妈的屄（nǐ māde bī）等于你母亲的阴部。

肏你妈（cào nǐ mā），也缩写为“CNM”/ 肏你娘（cào nǐ niáng）等于 fuck your mother。

肏你妈的屄（cào nǐ māde bī）等于 fuck your mother's cunt。

干你妈（gàn nǐ mā）/ 干你老母（gàn nǐ lǎo mǔ）等于 fuck your mother（“干”类似于英语中的委婉语 do）。

干你娘（gàn nǐ niáng）等于 fuck your mother（受闽南语方言影响的台湾国语，闽南语原文为“姦尔娘” kàn-lín-nió；也写作“幹您娘”）。

其他亲属

你二大爷的（nǐ èr dàyé de）等于去你二伯的。这是北京地方方言的一部分。

姥姥（lǎolao）等于外祖母。在北京方言中，这个词被用来表示“绝不！”。

他奶奶的（tā nǎinai de）等于他父亲那边的奶奶的！

乌龟和蛋

《中文大辞典》第六卷第281页讨论了“王八”（wáng bā）。在非正式写作中，“王八”的含义基本等同于“婊子养的”。

“王八蛋”（wángbādàn）是指缺乏德行的女人的后代。王八的另一个含义是“鳖”（biē），即淡水龟。

As in English, a vulgar word for the sexual act is used in insults and expletives:

• Template:Zhp = fuck (the variant character 肏 was in use as early as the Ming dynasty in the novel Jin Ping Mei). 操 is often used as a substitute for 肏 in print or on the computer, because 肏 was until recently often not available for typesetting or input.
• Template:Zhp = "Fuck your ancestors to the eighteenth generation"; the Template:Zhp, in modern Standard Chinese, is often substituted with 操; the Template:Zhp (fuck) has been substituted for 抄, which meant "confiscate all the property of someone and of his entire extended family." In China, ancestor worship is an important aspect of society, as a result of Confucianism, where filial piety and respect for one's ancestors is considered crucial; insulting one's ancestors is a sensitive issue and is generally confronting.

Mother

Insulting someone's mother is also common:

• Template:Zhp, IM: TMD) Literally "[fuck] his mother's" but frequently used as "Shit!" (lit. "his mother's"; in the 1920s the famous writer Lu Xun joked that this should be China's national curse word)
• Template:Zhp = damn it
• Template:Zhp his mother's clitoris. Lu Xun differentiates this expression from the previous one. This one can be said in admiration, whereas "tā māde" is just abusive. See his essay, "On 'His mother's'" (論他媽的).
• Template:Zhp = goddamn it (鸟/鳥 literally is "bird", but used here as a euphemism for Template:Zhp)
• Template:Zhp = your mother
• Template:Zhp = your mother
• Template:Zhp = fuck you, screw off, shut up (used jokingly and is considered mild and not insulting)
• Template:Zhp = your mother's cunt
• Template:Zhp, also "CNM"" / Template:Zhp = fuck your mother
• Template:Zhp = fuck your mother's cunt
• Template:Zhp / Template:Zhp = fuck your mother (gàn is similar to the English euphemism do)
• Template:Zhp = fuck your mother (Taiwanese Mandarin influenced by the regional vernacular Taiwanese Minnan 姦汝娘 (kàn-lín-nió); also "幹您娘")

Other relatives

• Template:Zhp = damn on your second uncle. This is a part of local Beijing slang.
• Template:Zhp = grandmother-from-mother-side. In Beijing dialect, this word is used for "Never!".
• Template:Zhp = His grandmother-from-father-side!

Turtles and eggs

The Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Chinese Language (中文大辭典, Zhōng wén dà cí diǎn), discusses Template:Zhi in vol. 6 p. 281. "Wáng bā", usually in casual writing, carries much the same import as "son of a bitch."

A "Template:Zhp" is the offspring of a woman lacking virtue. Another meaning of 王八 is Template:Zhi, fresh-water turtle.

Illegitimacy

Many insults imply that the interlocutor's mother or even grandmother was promiscuous.

• Template:Zhp / Template:Zhp = softshell turtle; this was an insult as early as the Song dynasty.
• Template:Zhp = bastard
• Template:Zhp = bastard (羔 generally means newborn lamb but can also refer to the young of certain animals - especially mammals - in general. Generally used in Northern slang.)
• Template:Zhp / Template:Zhp = bastard
• Template:Zhp = to be a cuckold (supposedly because male brothel workers in the Tang dynasty had to wear green hats)
• Template:Zhp = mixed seed, half-caste, half breed, hybrid, illegitimate child. There are proper terms for children of mixed ethnicity, but this is not one of them.
• Template:Zhp = individual who has at least two biological fathers and one biological mother, the idea being that the mother mated with two or more males in quick succession and a mosaic embryo was formed.
• Template:Zhp = similar to turtle egg, see above.

Disability

References to various kinds of disability are sometimes used against both abled and disabled people as an insult.

• Template:Zhp Lunatic/madman. Literally "neuropathy", or having problems with one's nervous system. The word 神經病 used in this context properly refers to Template:Zhp 神經病 is an anastrophe of the latter.

Buttocks

While there are vulgar expressions in English referring to the buttocks or rectum, there are no real equivalents in Mandarin. Template:Zhp or Template:Zhp one expression for anus, is not vulgar, but it occurs in various curses involving an imperforate anus

• Template:Zhp damned asshole.
• Template:Zhp– "Well fuck me!", "Fuck!", "Fuckin' awesome!" or "Holy shit!" (Originally from Taiwan, this expression has spread to the mainland, where it is generally not considered to be vulgar. 尻 originally meant "butt.")

Age

• Template:Zhp = lǎo bù sǐde (literally "old thief")
• Template:Zhp refers to someone young. Its usage is rather like such expressions as "little brat" in English.
• Template:Zhp wet behind the ears.

Promiscuity

• Template:Zhp = bitch (overly seductive woman or a golddigger; lit. "fox spirit")
• Template:Zhp = airhead, braggart, slut. Used to insult women. One derivation claims that at one point in the Qing dynasty, foreigners were only permitted to circulate on the eighth, eighteenth, and twenty-eighth of each month, and the Chinese deprecated these aliens by calling them 三八, but others claim 三八 refers to March 8: International Women's Day. In Taiwan, the term has less of a misogynistic connotation, and means "silly" or "airhead."
• Template:Zhp = whore, slut

Positive connotations

Occasionally, slang words with a negative connotation are turned around and used positively:

• Template:Zhp = An expression of impressed surprise or approval, akin to "fuck me", "holy fuck" or "holy shit!" in English. Alternatively, Template:Zhi or Template:Zhi is used as a minced oath (similar to "frigging" "frick" in English) when the subject intends on being less obscene, such as when speaking in public.
• Template:Zhp = fucking awesome (literally "cow cunt"; possibly influenced by the expression Template:Zhp. This phrase also has many alternative forms, including NB, 牛B, 牛比, 牛鼻 ("cow's nose"), as well as euphemisms such as 牛叉/牛X niúchā. It can also just be shortened to 牛.
• Template:Zhp / Template:Zhp = cock; this was an insult as long ago as the Jin dynasty. Despite remaining a profane word in Cantonese, now it sometimes also means "fucking cool" or "fucking outrageous" in Mandarin. The positive expression is believed to have been invented by Sun Ta-Wei in an MTV Taiwan advertisement, but the pop star Jay Chou played a major role in its promotion. Because of the substitution of "niǎo" which means bird, sometimes English-speaking Chinese in Malaysia sometimes use "birdie" as a euphemism for "penis" for small children. Bird man sometimes has a derogative meaning as a "wretch", but also often used between close friends as affectionate appellation like "fellow".
• Template:Zhp = originally meant to mean male pubic hair, but means an unprivileged nobody. Originally an Internet slang denoted an "incel", it is now a popular word often used in self-mockery (lit. "dick silk/wire")

Mixed-up

Other insults include the word Template:Zhp, which means "mixed-up", or Template:Zhp, which means "muddy":

• Template:Zhp = bullshit, damn
• Template:Zhp = prick
• Template:Zhp = jerk

Eggs

• Template:Zhp = dummy, fool
• Template:Zhp = get out of sight!
• Template:Zhp = a wicked person. Literally a bad egg.
• Template:Zhp = confused/clueless person (a sucker)
• Template:Zhp = a poor/penniless person
• Template:Zhp = nonsense, bullshit, bollocks

Ghosts and spirits

精 "nonhuman spirit in a human's form" is usually for insulting some cunning people.

• Template:Zhp = vixen (overly seductive woman or a golddigger)
• Template:Zhp = flatterer
• Template:Zhp = shemale, trans woman
• Template:Zhp = Thai shemale (usually used as a stronger insult than merely calling someone a shemale)

Useless

• Template:Zhp = coward, useless, or weak person.

Girlish

• Template:Zhp is a pejorative used to describe Chinese males who are extremely effeminate in their speaking style. It is related to the term Template:Zhp, but is predominantly said of males who exhibit a rather "girlish" air of indecisiveness and immaturity. Adherents of both tend to lengthen sentence-final particles while maintaining a higher-pitched intonation all throughout.
• Template:Zhp = same as 娘娘腔 (above)
• Template:Zhp or Template:Zhp – Eunuch. From the stereotypes of Imperial eunuchs seen in TV shows in China (with a high, feminine voice). Men with higher voices are called eunuchs.
• Template:Zhp, female lifebreath. A man having the psychological attributes of a woman is said to exhibit "nǚ qì," i.e., is said to be effeminate.
• Template:Zhp roughly meaning ass fairy. It is often used as a derogatory for feminine gay people.

Boyish

• Template:Zhp a female who behaves like a male. Tomboy.
• Template:Zhp a female Yaksha, an ugly and rough female; often domineering in personality.

Inhuman

Other insults accuse people of lacking qualities expected of a human being:

• Template:Zhp = animal; a likely reference to the Buddhist belief that rebirth as an animal is the result of karma conditioned by stupidity and prejudice. The word is also used in Japanese, where it is pronounced "chikushō, often used as an expletive, akin to "hell!"
• Template:Zhp = beasts, often used as Template:Zhp = worse than beasts
• Template:Zhp = Due to its connotations used with reference to animal breeding, it is an offensive term when used towards a person.

Death

Template:Zhp is used in a number of insults:

• Template:Zhp Used as a term of contempt.
• Template:Zhp / Template:Zhp, lit., stinking (derogatory term for woman) bitch
• Template:Zhp = shameless
• Template:Zhp = comparable to the English phrase "Go to hell!"
• Template:Zhp = This term is no longer in common use. It appears in early novels as a deprecating term for young female bondservants. The "ya" element refers to a hair style appropriate to youths of this sort.
• Template:Zhp damned, damn it!
• Template:Zhp Roughly equivalent to the English phrase 'asking for trouble' (i.e. "looking to die").

Excrement

The words Template:Zhp, Template:Zhp and Template:Zhp, all mean feces but vary from extremely offensive to family-friendly. They can all be used in compound words and sentences in a profane manner.

Originally, the various Mandarin Chinese words for "excrement" were less commonly used as expletives, but that is changing. Template:Zhp is an expletive in Mandarin. The word Template:Zhp or the phrase is commonly used as an expletive in Mandarin (i.e. "bullshit!").

• Template:Zhp = Eat shit!
• Template:Zhp = a turd.
• Template:Zhp = bullshit, nonsense, lie; used as an expletive as early as the Yuan dynasty.
• Template:Zhp = you are fucking bullshitting
• Template:Zhp = A common variation of 放屁, also meaning "bullshit" (as in lies, cf. English "my ass!"). This term is used because fàng pì can be taken literally to mean Flatulence. Often tacked on to the end of a sentence, as in "XYZ 个屁!"
• Template:Zhp = no damn use
• Template:Zhp = no damn use, to be of damn-all use
• Template:Zhp = bullshit, nonsense
• Template:Zhp = a mere nothing; also Template:Zhp= I don't give a damn, it means damn all to me

Animals

In a 1968 academic study of Chinese pejorative words, more than a third of the 325-term corpus of abusive expressions compare the insulted person with an animal, with the worst curses being "animal" generally, "pig, dog, animal", or "animal in dress", which deny the person of human dignity. The expressions contain metaphorical references to the following domesticated animals: dogs, cows, and chickens (12 or 11 terms each), (8 times), horse (4), cat (3), and duck (2), and one each to sheep, donkey and camel. A variety of wild animals are used in these pejorative terms, and the most common are monkey (7 times) and tiger (5 times), symbolizing ugliness and power respectively.

Dogs

The fact that many insults are prefaced with the Mandarin Chinese word for dog attest to the animal's low status:

• Template:Zhp = dog pup (English equivalent: "son of a bitch")
• Template:Zhp = bullshit, nonsense; in use as early as 1750 in the Qing dynasty novel The Scholars.
• Template:Zhp = what you said is bullshit. Also Template:Zhp or simply Template:Zhp. Generally appears at the end of sentences.
• Template:Zhp = incoherent, nonsensical
• Template:Zhp = what you said is fucking bullshit
• Template:Zhp = what you said is fucking bullshit
• Template:Zhp = son of a bitch
• Template:Zhp = son of a bitch (from Liu Heng's story "Dogshit Food". 日 is here written for 入, which when pronounced rì means "fuck".)
• Template:Zhp = a person who behaves badly; Template:Zhp, or "dog shit", was used to describe people of low moral character as early as the Song dynasty. Due to Western influence, as well as the similar sound, this has become a synonym for bullshit in some circles.
• Template:Zhp = a variation on Template:Zhp, above.
• Template:Zhp = lapdog, often translated into English as "running dog", it means an unprincipled person who helps or flatters other, more powerful and often evil people; in use in this sense since the Qing dynasty. Often used in the 20th century by communists to refer to client states of the United States and other capitalist powers.
• Template:Zhp / Template:Zhp = Variant of Template:Zhp
• Template:Zhp = someone who incessantly follows someone around, and is usually seen as a sycophant.

Rabbits

In at least one case, rabbit is part of an insult:

• Template:Zhp = rabbit kitten (quite ironically, this insult is often used by parents to insult their children)

Horse

• Template:Zhp = a derogatory word for girlfriend. (Possibly influenced by U.S. slang, "filly," used for any girl.)

Bird

The Chinese word for bird Template:Zhp was pronounced as diǎo in ancient times, which rhymes with 屌 meaning penis or sexual organ. It also sounds the same as "penis" in several Chinese dialects. Thus, bird is often associated with 'fuck', 'penis' or 'nonsense'：

• Template:Zhp = I give a shit about you (Beijing dialect)
• Template:Zhp = I give a shit about him
• Template:Zhp = bullshit, fucking words; Template:Zhp = What fucking words are you talking about?
• Template:Zhp = bastard, asshole. This word commonly appears in Water Margin, a Ming dynasty Classical Chinese Novel.
• Template:Zhp = mere nothing; also Template:Zhp = I don't care a damn, it means damn all to me

Contempt

Certain words are used for expressing contempt or strong disapproval:

• Template:Zhp = To look down upon or to hold in contempt.

Divinity

• Template:Zhp = troublemaker. Compares the insulted person to a disliked god.
• Template:Zhp = Oh my God.

Miscellaneous

Some expressions are harder to explain:

• Template:Zhp = stupid person/idiot (see 250) Note that the number 250 would normally be pronounced liangbǎiwǔ.

Region specific

Many regions within China have their own local slang, which is scarcely used elsewhere. Some of them have been listed above, but these are a few expressions that are not aforementioned:

• Template:Zhp – Local slang from Beijing, meaning "you son of a bitch!"
• Template:Zhp – Local slang from Tianjin, meaning "go fuck your 'thing'", where "BK" refers to male genitalia. However, when insulting females, "马B" is used instead.
• Template:Zhp – Originating from Southern China. Said upon someone's misfortunes, similar to "haha" or "suck that".
• Template:Zhp – From the northeastern Heilongjiang, although also used in the South. Used similar to "what the fuck?" (鸟/鳥 literally is "bird", but used here as a euphemism for Template:Zhp
• Template:Zhp – Used in Shanghai, direct transliteration from English "fuck".
• Template:Zhp – Beijing slang for a good-for-nothing; klutz. A double-ended sword is useless.
• Template:Zhp – Beijing slang for a special female friend, often used with negative connotations.
• Template:Zhp – Shanghainese for "fuck", similar in usage to Template:Zhp albeit less strong.

Racial euphemisms

Mandarin Chinese has specific terms and racial euphemisms for different ethno-racial groups around the world, and some discriminatory slurs against Chinese representatives from certain governments and backgrounds.

Against Mainlanders

• Template:Zhp — A derogatory term for China (see Shina). It used to be a neutral historic name for China, but later it became a derogatory since it was extensively used by Japanese invaders during the Sino-Japanese Wars. It has been used primarily by Taiwan and Hong Kong independence supporters.
• Template:Zhp — "Shina pigs", see Template:Zhp. Mostly used by Taiwan and Hong Kong independence activists.
• Template:Zhp — Mainlander, a word originated from Southern Min language. A slang term used by Taiwanese people. The word itself is largely neutral, but it was often used in a negative context.
• Template:Zhp — An alternation of Template:Zhp, literally means "dead Mainlanders". It is often written as 426, as in Southern Min the word sounds similar to 426. The slang is widely used by anti-China Taiwanese people online.
• Template:Zhp — The term is mainly used by Hong Kongers, Taiwanese, and Chinese Singaporeans and directed at mainland Chinese immigrants and tourists because they come in large numbers and supposedly end up consuming local resources at the expense of the host native populations.
• Template:Zhp — A pun on the homophone Template:Zhp. Similar to above, but mainly directed to Han nationalists who advocated for Han ethnonationalism.

Against Communists

• Template:Zhp — referring to communists, or to a larger extent, all Mainlanders and non-Chinese communists. The term has been in use since the Chinese Civil War by the Kuomintang against the Chinese Communist Party, but today reflects the rifts in cross-strait relations.
• Template:Zhp — referring to the Beijing government, people in the Communist Party, or all Mainlanders.
• Template:Zhp — a derogatory slang term used by Taiwanese against mainland Chinese, which refers to communism as an ad hominem.
• Template:Zhp — By replacing the middle character with "慘", a near-homophone to "產", meaning sad and pitiful, the name of the Communist Party changes to mean "a party which causes everyone to suffer". This term has seen increasing usage in internet communities critical of the Chinese Communist Party.

Against Westerners

• Template:Zhp — a slur for white people, as they regarded on the implication that Whites are perceived to be lazier and less diligent in comparison to their Han Chinese counterparts.
• Template:Zhp — a slur for white people.
• Template:Zhp — a slur for white foreigners.
• Template:Zhp — Borrowed from Cantonese "Gweilo", "devil" or "devil guy", a slur for Westerners in Hong Kong.
• Template:Zhp — rude slang term for Caucasians, especially Caucasians from English speaking countries (see ang mo)
• Template:Zhp – Ethnic slur against Russians. Alternatively Template:Zhi, Template:Zhi. Similar concept to "hóng máo guǐzi" above.
• Template:Zhp – an ethnic slur for unemployed and uneducated foreigners, especially Caucasians from English speaking countries looking to seek jobs in China. The slur is similar to the term White trash, used in the United States.
• Template:Zhp — this historical term, when mixed with the word "south" (南) is also used as an ethnic slur by northern Han Chinese against someone thought to be from southern China.

Against other East Asians

Against Hong Kongers

• Template:Zhp — A pun on the homophone Template:Zhi; the definition of Template:Zhi used is "poison". A slur for Hong Kong's people who advocate for Hong Kong's independence.
• Template:Zhp, Template:Zhp — A term borrowed from Cantonese gaat zaat, meaning cockroach, for referring to Hong Kong independence activists. The term was first used by pro-Beijing Hong Kongers to refer to protestors during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, who were seen as annoying or obnoxious, similar to cockroaches. Probably coined in retaliation to the "locust" term used against mainlanders.

Against Taiwanese

• Template:Zhp — Taiwanese are seen as 井底之蛙 (Chinese idiom, literally means "a frog in a well", referring to a person with a very limited outlook and experience), and as often holding naïve beliefs about the mainland.
• Template:Zhp — a pun on the homophone Template:Zhi; the definition of Template:Zhi used is "poison". A slur for Taiwanese people who advocate for Taiwanese independence.
• Template:Zhp — A slur and slang term against the Taiwanese. The term originated from mainland China as a pejorative directed at the Taiwanese.

Against Japanese

Demonstrators in Taiwan host signs telling "Japanese devils" to "get out" of the Diaoyutai Islands following an escalation in disputes in 2012.

• Template:Zhp "Japs" — This term is still commonly used as a slur toward Japanese among Chinese but it has very little impact left. This term was historically by the Chinese associating the Japanese with short stature and the historical lower average stature of Japanese in comparison with the Han Chinese.
• Template:Zhp — This is used mostly in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War, when Japan invaded and occupied large areas of China. This is the title of a Japanese documentary on Japanese war crimes during WWII.
• Template:Zhp — An anti-Japanese variant of yáng guǐzi, and similar to Rìběn guǐzi above. (Note that whereas the term 東洋 has the literal meaning of "Orient" in the Japanese language, the characters themselves mean "eastern ocean", and it refers to Japan exclusively in modern Chinese usage—since Japan is the country which lies in the ocean east of China.)
• Template:Zhp — This was an ancient Chinese name for Japan, but was also adopted by the Japanese. Today, its usage in Chinese is usually intended to give a negative connotation (see Wōkòu below). The character is said to also mean "dwarf", although that meaning was not apparent when the name was first used. See Wa (Japan).
• Template:Zhp — Originally referred to Japanese pirates and armed sea merchants who raided the Chinese coastline during the Ming dynasty (see Wokou). The term was adopted during the Second Sino-Japanese War to refer to invading Japanese forces, (similarly to Germans being called Huns). The word is today sometimes used to refer to all Japanese people in extremely negative contexts.
• Template:Zhp — The word is used to refer to all Japanese people in extremely negative contexts.
• Template:Zhp — Ethnic slur towards Japanese used predominantly by Northern Chinese, mainly those from the city of Tianjin. Also punning on the English "Japan".
• Template:Zhp — a pun on the homophone Template:Zhi; the definition of Template:Zhi used is "yellow". This phrase Template:Zhi was used during World War II to represent Japanese soldiers due to the colour of their uniform. Today, it is used negatively against all Japanese. Since the stereotype of Japanese soldiers is commonly portrayed in war-related media in China as short men, with a toothbrush moustache (and sometimes round glasses, in the case of higher ranks), 黃軍 is also often used to pull jokes on Chinese people with these characteristics, and thus "appear like" Japanese soldiers.
• Template:Zhp — A pun on the homophone Template:Zhp, the definition of Template:Zhi used is "to comfort". This phrase is used to refer to Japanese (whose military force is known as "自衛隊") being stereotypically hypersexual, as "自慰队" means "Self-comforting Forces", referring to masturbation. The word Template:Zhi also carries highly negative connotations of Template:Zhi, referring to the use of sex slaves by the Japanese military during World War II.
• Template:Zhp - The word is used as an insult to collaborationist Chinese forces during World War II, but is occasionally used to refer to Japanese forces as well. It is used officially by Chinese historians, and is specifically spoken towards those people, making it a rare and irrelevant insult against Japanese people in general.

Against Koreans

• Template:Zhp — A neutral term used against all ethnic Koreans. 高丽/高麗 refers to Ancient Korea (Goryeo), while 棒子 means "club" or "corncob", referring to how Korean security guards hired by the Japanese during WW2 were not given guns, only clubs/batons as they were untrustworthy. The term is modernized sometimes as Template:Zhi, with "韓" referring to South Korea.
• Template:Zhp — With the sexual innuendo of a "useless or dead erection"; refer to 高丽棒子 above.
• Template:Zhp — (See Riben guizi) During World War II, 二鬼子 referred to traitors among the Han Chinese hanjian and Koreans in the Imperial Japanese Army, as the Japanese were known as "鬼子" (devils) for massacring innocent children and women. Today, 二鬼子 is used to describe ethnic Koreans who had been absorbed into Japan and joined the Japanese Imperial Army. It is rarely used as a slur in recent times.
• Template:Zhp – Used historically by the Kuomintang to refer to the Workers' Party of Korea as well as the North Koreans.

Against South Asians

Against Indians

• Template:Zhp — A euphemism to Indians, which could be translated as "Indian Singh". The term was originally 紅頭阿三, meaning "red headed Ah San", where "red head" refers to the red turbans used by Sikh patrolmen used by the British in the Shanghai International Settlement, while "Ah" can mean "dude" and "San" was a common Shanghaiese translation of the Indian surname "Singh".
• Template:Zhp — A popular term common among the Cantonese in Hong Kong to refer to Indians. The term derives from the frequent uttering of ācchā 'good, fine' by (Northern) Indians (cf. Hindi अच्छा) Originally referring to the Punjabi "singhs" security force who used to work for the British government during colonial era. Nowadays, any South Asian is referred to as "ā chā". In Cantonese, "Ah" means "Dude", so "Ah Cha" means the dude called "Cha". It is not an ethnic slur, it is used because Cantonese cannot pronounce "Indian" as it derives from a Mandarin term that sounds too formal.
• Template:Zhp — A much more common contemporary term used to refer to Indians, derived from the use of curry in Indian cuisine and the perception that Indians eat food to some Chinese find to give off a strong smell, and to which Indians typically eat with their hands, a practice that many Chinese find to be dirty and unclean. For these two reasons, it is applied as a derogatory term to Indians.

Against Southeast Asians

Against Filipinos and Malays

• Template:Zhp – a Hokkien term in literally meaning "foreigner or non-Chinese." Used by most Overseas Chinese to refer generally to indigenous Southeast Asians and Taiwanese Aborigines. In the Philippines, this term is used by Chinese Filipinos towards indigenous Filipinos. In Malaysia, this term is instead used by Chinese Malaysians towards ethnic Malays.

Against Indonesians

• Template:Zhp or 印泥巴子 — lit. "Indonesian mud", an ethnic slur towards that refers a play on "印尼" (Indonesia) and "泥巴" (mud), where 尼/泥 are homophones, thus associating Pribumi Indonesians as being primitive, backward, uncivilized, and dirty.

Against Vietnamese

• Template:Zhp – It is not an anti-Vietnamese slur but rather a familial slang term for Vietnamese. It may also refer to the stereotype of Vietnamese people looking old, such as Ho Chi Minh.
• Template:Zhp – This can be used in a derogatory context, referring Vietnam's smaller geographical size than China, darker skin tone, and the lower average stature of Vietnamese in comparison with their Han Chinese counterparts.
• Template:Zhp – A term used by the Han Chinese to derogatorily refer towards Vietnamese by associating them as being uncivilized, barbaric, dirty, primitive, and backward people. This term also alludes to the historical region of Nam Viet (南越), a province that was ruled by the Han dynasty during the First Chinese domination of Vietnam; when mixed with the word "southern barbarian" (南蠻) is also used as an ethnic slur towards the Vietnamese by the Han Chinese.
• Template:Zhp or Template:Zhp – Literally means "Vietnamese communist bandits". A variation of gòngfei, this was directed at the Viet Cong by the Kuomintang during the Vietnam War. While rarely used today, this term is still also used by Taiwanese anti-communists to refer to the Communist Party of Vietnam, or Vietnamese Communists in general.

Other

• Template:Zhp or Template:Zhp — Racial slur directed towards people of Sub-Saharan Black African descent. The term is similar to the English term "nigger" as an ethnic slur directed at blacks.
• Template:Zhp — An insult directed at those seen as uncultured or backward, implying that the insulted person comes from a peasant background. Roughly equivalent to the English phrases "country bumpkin" and "hayseed". The term can also be used without any negative connotations to denote someone who is new, unfamiliar and inexperienced in any profession or activity, roughly similar to the English internet gaming slang "noob."
• Template:Zhp — a term used to refer to any person of Overseas Chinese ancestry who have assimilated in the Western world and have lost any true Chinese trait. As the insult implies, they are like bananas: Yellow (Chinese) on the outside while white (western) on the inside (akin to "Oreo" for African Americans or "coconut" for Hispanic-Americans).

See also

• Baidu 10 Mythical Creatures
• Cantonese profanity
• Diu (Cantonese)
• Grass Mud Horse
• Chinese Internet slang
• List of Internet phenomena in China

References

Sources and further reading

• 教育部顧問室人文社會科學教育改進計劃 E世代的情意教育─網路軟體研發 （中文）
• Oedipus Lex: Some Thoughts on Swear Words and the Incest Taboo in China and the West 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2024-09-15.
• 论"他妈的！" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2005-12-27.
• Cool Jay
• 國語辭典
• Chinese sex words, obscene language, curses and slang
• Tianmi.info
• Modern Chinese Slang 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-07-17. at Thinking Chinese 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-05-02..
• Huang, Frank and Wolfram Eberhard (1968), "On Some Chinese Terms of Abuse 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2020-09-22.," Asian Folklore Studies 27.1: 25–40. Items gathered from Taiwan-Chinese of Fujian origin, Min-nan dialect group), but many also common in North China.
• Tien, Adrian; Carson, Lorna; Jiang, Ning. An Anatomy of Chinese Offensive Words: A Lexical and Semantic Analysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 2021. ISBN 978-3-030-63474-2. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-63475-9.  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link)