HV 2112
| 观测资料 历元 J2000.0 | |
|---|---|
| 星座 | 杜鹃座[1] |
| 星官 | |
| 赤经 | 01h 10m 03.858s[2] |
| 赤纬 | −72° 36′ 52.62″[2] |
| 视星等(V) | 12.7 to below 16.7[3][4] |
| 特性 | |
| 演化阶段 | AGB[5] |
| 光谱分类 | M5.5 II (M3e – M7.5[6]) |
| 视星等 (J) | 10.020[2] |
| 视星等 (H) | 9.100[2] |
| 视星等 (K) | 8.723[2] |
| U−B 色指数 | +0.33[7] |
| B−V 色指数 | +1.80[7] |
| 变星类型 | Mira?[8] |
| 天体测定 | |
| 径向速度 (Rv) | 157[9] km/s |
| 自行 (μ) | 赤经:+1.038[10] mas/yr 赤纬:−1.274[10] mas/yr |
| 视差 (π) | 0.0164 ± 0.0246[10] mas |
| 距离 | approx. 200,000 ly (approx. 60,000 pc) |
| 绝对星等 (MV) | −5.2[9] |
| 详细资料 | |
| 质量 | ~5[5] M☉ |
| 半径 | 675 - 1,193[5][a] R☉ |
| 表面重力 (log g) | 0.0[9] |
| 亮度 | 50,100 - 81,300[5] L☉ |
| 温度 | 2,500 - 3,750[5] K |
| 金属量 [Fe/H] | −2.18[11] dex |
| 其他命名 | |
| 参考数据库 | |
| SIMBAD | 资料 |
HV 2112是一颗位于小麦哲伦星系的红超巨星。该恒星被认为是可能性极高的索恩-祖特阔夫天体候选者。
概要
[编辑]天文学家于2014年以位于智利的麦哲伦望远镜中的克莱望远镜确认了HV 2112的存在[13]。该恒星的锂、钼和铷元素丰度异常地高[13]。天文学家艾蜜莉·李维斯克(Emily Levesque)使用阿帕契点天文台的望远镜分析银河系中的24颗红超巨星,以及利用克莱望远镜观测分别观测大麦哲伦星系16颗和小麦哲伦星系24颗红超巨星,发现了HV 2112这个索恩-祖特阔夫天体候选者[14]。
发现
[编辑]HV 2112 最早在 1908 年由亨丽爱塔·斯万·勒维特报告为变星。当时它被标记为哈佛编号 2112。虽然未给出具体的变光周期,但报告中指出其“可能为长周期”。根据摄影底片的观测,其视星等范围为13.7至暗于16.5。[15]
1966 年,对麦哲伦云变星的分析显示 HV 2112 的摄影星等范围为13.0至暗于17.8。根据其大幅度且相当规律的光度变化(周期约为600天),它被归类为长周期变星,也就是如今所称的蒭藁变星。[16][17]
可能的天体类型
[编辑]
渐近巨星支星(AGB star)
[编辑]HV 2112 过去一直被视为一颗极为明亮的渐近巨星支(AGB)星,即已耗尽核心氦燃料并处于恒星演化末期的红巨星。大幅度的 M 型变星与光谱类型晚于 M5 的恒星,几乎总是 AGB 星而非红超巨星。这类恒星有理论上的最大光度,在小麦哲伦云的距离下,HV 2112 的光度通常被计算为略高于此上限,约为 60,000 L☉ 倍太阳光度。[6]
较新的计算结果将 HV 2112 的光度估算为超过 100,000 L☉,这已明确超出 AGB 星的范围。这些计算考虑到 0.4 星等的星际消光,该值高于小麦哲伦云中大质量恒星的平均值;然而对红超巨星来说并不罕见,因为它们可能因邻近恒星的环星尘埃导致额外的消光。[9]
2016 年对 HV 2112 的自行分析显示,其自行对于小麦哲伦云内的恒星来说异常地大,虽然其径向速度与 SMC 其他天体一致。其每年约 10 毫角秒的自行若真发生在 SMC 的距离下,表示其空间速度约为 3,100 公里/秒,远高于该星系的逃逸速度。更可能的解释是 HV 2112 实际上位于我们银河系内,距离约为 3,000 秒差距,此时其光度应为 1,000 L☉,而非 100,000 L☉,是一颗典型的 AGB 星。重元素的过度丰富则可能是来自未被观测到的伴星造成的“污染”,形成所谓的S型星。[19] 也有其他研究认为其自行速度非常小,与位于 SMC 内的天体一致。[20][21]
索恩–日科夫天体(Thorne–Żytkow object)
[编辑]2014 年,HV 2112 曾被认为可能是一颗索恩-祖特阔夫天体(TZO),这一发现来自智利的麦哲伦望远镜。为寻找 TZO 候选天体,Emily Levesque 使用阿帕契点天文台观测了银河系中的 24 颗红超巨星,并利用 Magellan Clay 望远镜观测了大麦哲伦云中的 16 颗和小麦哲伦云中的 22 颗。HV 2112 被发现含有异常高浓度的锂、钼和铷,而这些元素预期只会在 TZO 中产生。[9]
2018 年一篇重新评估 HV 2112 性质的论文指出,未发现其具有异常的化学元素丰度,且其光度也低于先前估计。这表明该恒星不太可能是 TZO,更可能是一颗中等质量的AGB 星。[5]
双星系统
[编辑]HV 2112 被OGLE星表列为未解析的多星系统。其自行与径向速度皆与其他 SMC 恒星一致,视差虽为负值,但仍与如此遥远天体的预期值相符。[22]
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Roman, Nancy G. Identification of a constellation from a position. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 1987, 99 (617): 695. Bibcode:1987PASP...99..695R. doi:10.1086/132034
. 无效|mode=Module:Citation_mode第14行Lua错误:attempt to index field 'global_cs1_config_t' (a nil value)(帮助) Constellation record for this object at VizieR. - ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; Cambresy, Laurent; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Huchra, John P.; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Light, Robert M.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Stiening, Rae; Sykes, Matthew J.; Weinberg, Martin D.; Wheaton, William A.; Wheelock, Sherry L.; Zacarias, N. VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003). CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues. 2003, 2246: II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C.
- ^ Kochanek, C. S.; Shappee, B. J.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Thompson, Todd A.; Prieto, J.-L.; Dong, Subo; Shields, J. V.; Will, D.; et al. The All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) Light Curve Server v1.0. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 2017, 129 (980): 104502. Bibcode:2017PASP..129j4502K. S2CID 118995322. arXiv:1706.07060
. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aa80d9.
- ^ Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Grupe, D.; Kochanek, C. S.; Stanek, K. Z.; De Rosa, G.; Mathur, S.; Zu, Y.; Peterson, B. M.; et al. The Man behind the Curtain: X-Rays Drive the UV through NIR Variability in the 2013 Active Galactic Nucleus Outburst in NGC 2617. The Astrophysical Journal. 2014, 788 (1): 48. Bibcode:2014ApJ...788...48S. S2CID 119113433. arXiv:1310.2241
. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/48.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Beasor, Emma; Davies, Ben; Cabrera-Ziri, Ivan; Hurst, Georgia. A critical re-evaluation of the Thorne-Żytkow object candidate HV 2112. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2 July 2018, 479 (3): 3101. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.479.3101B. S2CID 67766043. arXiv:1806.07399
. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1744
.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Wood, P. R.; Bessell, M. S.; Fox, M. W. Long-period variables in the Magellanic Clouds – Supergiants, AGB stars, supernova precursors, planetary nebula precursors, and enrichment of the interstellar medium. Astrophysical Journal. 1983, 272: 99. Bibcode:1983ApJ...272...99W. doi:10.1086/161265
.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Boyer, Martha L.; Srinivasan, Sundar; Van Loon, Jacco Th.; McDonald, Iain; Meixner, Margaret; Zaritsky, Dennis; Gordon, Karl D.; Kemper, F.; Babler, Brian; et al. Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution in the Tidally Stripped, Low Metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud (SAGE-SMC). II. Cool Evolved Stars. The Astronomical Journal. 2011, 142 (4): 103. Bibcode:2011AJ....142..103B. S2CID 119268816. arXiv:1106.5026
. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/4/103.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007–2013). VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 2009, 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Levesque, Emily. Discovery of a Thorne-̇Żytkow object candidate in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 1 September 2014, 443: L94–L98. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.443L..94L. S2CID 119192926. arXiv:1406.0001
. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu080
.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Vallenari, A.; et al. Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2023, 674: A1. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. S2CID 244398875. arXiv:2208.00211
. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940
.
Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ Anders, F.; Khalatyan, A.; Chiappini, C.; Queiroz, A. B.; Santiago, B. X.; Jordi, C.; Girardi, L.; Brown, A. G. A.; Matijevič, G.; Monari, G.; Cantat-Gaudin, T.; Weiler, M.; Khan, S.; Miglio, A.; Carrillo, I.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Minchev, I.; De Jong, R. S.; Antoja, T.; Ramos, P.; Steinmetz, M.; Enke, H. Photo-astrometric distances, extinctions, and astrophysical parameters for Gaia DR2 stars brighter than G = 18. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2019, 628: A94. Bibcode:2019A&A...628A..94A. S2CID 131780028. arXiv:1904.11302
. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935765.
- ^ HV 2112. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文资料中心. [2021-05-05].
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Eller, Cynthia. Kip Thorne discusses first discovery of Thorne-Zytkow object. 30 June 2014 [30 June 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-06).
- ^ First Thorne-Zytkow Object Found 200,000 Light-Years Away. 5 June 2014 [30 June 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-01).
- ^ Leavitt, Henrietta S. 1777 variables in the Magellanic Clouds. Annals of Harvard College Observatory. 1908, 60: 87. Bibcode:1907AnHar..60...87L.
- ^ Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia; Gaposchkin, Sergei. Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud. Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics. 1966, 9: 1–205. Bibcode:1966SCoA....9....1P. doi:10.5479/si.00810231.9.1.
- ^ O’Grady, Anna J. G.; Drout, Maria R.; Shappee, B. J.; Bauer, Evan B.; Fuller, Jim; Kochanek, C. S.; Jayasinghe, T.; Gaensler, B. M.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, Thomas W. S.; Prieto, J. L.; Thompson, Todd A. Cool, Luminous, and Highly Variable Stars in the Magellanic Clouds from ASAS-SN: Implications for Thorne-Żytkow Objects and Super-asymptotic Giant Branch Stars. The Astrophysical Journal. October 2020, 901 (2): 135. Bibcode:2020ApJ...901..135O. arXiv:2008.06563
. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abafad
.
- ^ ASAS-SN Variable Stars Database. ASAS-SN Variable Stars Database. ASAS-SN. [6 January 2022].
- ^ MacCarone, Thomas J.; De Mink, Selma E. Large proper motion of the Thorne-Żytkow object candidate HV 2112 reveals its likely nature as foreground Galactic S-star. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 2016, 458 (1): L1. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458L...1M. S2CID 119306614. arXiv:1601.05455
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- ^ Worley, C. Clare; Irwin, Mike. J.; Tout, Christopher A.; Żytkow, Anna N.; Fraser, Morgan; Izzard, Robert G. The proper motion of HV2112: A TŻO candidate in the SMC. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 2016, 459 (1): L31–L35. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.459L..31W. S2CID 118463486. arXiv:1602.08479
. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw034
.
- ^ McMillan, Paul J; Church, Ross P. Gaia DR2 confirms that candidate Thorne-Żytkow object HV 2112 is in the SMC. Research Notes of the AAS. 2018, 2 (2): 18. Bibcode:2018RNAAS...2...18M. S2CID 125376171. arXiv:1804.10192v1
. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/aac0fb
.
- ^ González-Fernández, Carlos; Dorda, Ricardo; Negueruela, Ignacio; Marco, Amparo. A new survey of cool supergiants in the Magellanic Clouds. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2015, 578: A3. Bibcode:2015A&A...578A...3G. S2CID 55959019. arXiv:1504.00003
. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425362.
备注
[编辑]- ^ 根据有效温度和光度数据计算得出,参考标准太阳温度为5,772 K: