莫三比克內戰
外观
| 莫桑比克内战 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 冷战的一部分 | ||||||||
1990年代初莫三比克全國抵抗運動控制區 | ||||||||
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| 参战方 | ||||||||
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莫三比克革命黨 (until 1982) 莫三比克全國聯盟 (1990-1992)[3] UNIPOMO[4] FUMO[4] | 莫三比克全國聯盟 (1987-1990)[3] | ||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | ||||||||
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Gimo Phiri[14] Carlos Reis[3] | ||||||
| 兵力 | ||||||||
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| 20,000[15] | |||||||
| 伤亡与损失 | ||||||||
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| 未知 | |||||||
| 总计死亡人数:1,000,000(包括因饥荒死亡人数) | ||||||||
莫桑比克内战开始于1977年,即莫桑比克独立战争后2年。和安哥拉内战相似,莫桑比克内战同为国家从葡萄牙的殖民结束获得独立后发生,均属于冷战的一部分。执政党莫桑比克解放阵线和政府军[18]从1977年开始与莫桑比克全国抵抗发生激烈对抗,后者获得了当时由白人统治的罗得西亚以及实行种族隔离制度的南非的资助。大约有100万人死于战争和饥荒,500万人被迫流离失所,[19][20]战争中的地雷导致大量截肢者并在内战结束后继续困扰莫桑比克20余年。内战于1992年结束,该国于1994年开始多党制选举。但是在战争结束后的2013年起,莫桑比克全国抵抗内部的叛变组织又展开暴力活动,并造成人员伤亡。[21]
参考资料
[编辑]- ^ Arnold, Guy. Wars in the Third World Since 1945. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 2016: 211–213. ISBN 978-14742-9102-6.
- ^ Banks & Muller (1998),第635頁.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 What Future for Mozambique?. Refworld (Writenet/UNHCR). November 1995 [2025-10-17].
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Seegers (2018),Section: Independent Mozambique and the Role of the Armed Forces.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bermudez, Joseph. Terrorism, the North Korean connection. New York: Crane, Russak & Company. 1997: 124. ISBN 978-0844816104.
- ^ United States. Joint Publications Research Service, 1977, Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, Issues 1742-1754, p. 13. [2022-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-28).
- ^ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. International Security Studies Program, Ballinger Publishing Company, 1988, Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, p. 100. [2022-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-28).
- ^ Tanja R. Müller, "Legacies of Socialist Solidarity"
- ^ Colin Legum, Africana Publishing Company, 1982, Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 15, p. 671. [2022-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-14).
- ^ Brazil-South Africa Nuclear Relations. [2022-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-31).
- ^ Selcher, Wayne A. Brazilian Relations with Portuguese Africa in the Context of the Elusive "Luso-Brazilian Community". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1976, 18 (1): 25–58. JSTOR 174815. doi:10.2307/174815.
- ^ War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), edited by Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan, pp.104-115
- ^ Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin. The Israeli connection: Whom Israel arms and why, pp. 65. IB Tauris, 1987.
- ^ Emerson (2014),第90–91, 163頁.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Our work | Conciliation Resources. C-r.org. [2012-03-04]. (原始内容存档于2011-12-29).
- ^ Bulletin of Tanzanian Affairs No 30, May 1988 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), pp 14
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
njas.helsinki.fi的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Armed Forces of Mozambique (PDF). [2017-06-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-08-17).
- ^ Mozambique. State.gov. 4 November 2011 [4 March 2012]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-10).
- ^ MOZAMBIQUE: population growth of the whole country. Populstat.info. [4 March 2012]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-19).
- ^ 存档副本. [2017-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-06).