TLR9
Toll樣受體9（英語：Toll-like receptor 9）是由人類基因 TLR9 編碼的蛋白質[5]，也被稱為CD289（分化簇289，cluster of differentiation 289），是Toll樣受體（TLR）家族的成員。
功能
[編輯]TLR家族的受體在病原識別與先天免疫的激活中起着基礎作用。TLRs are named for the high degree of conservation in structure and function seen between mammalian TLRs and the Drosophila transmembrane protein Toll. TLRs是呈現在細胞表面和胞內間室的跨膜蛋白，用以識別病原體呈現的病原相關分子模式（Pathogen-associated molecular patterns，PAMPs），然後啟動製造先天和獲得性免疫所需的細胞因子的信號。 The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. 這一基因通常表達於富含免疫細胞的組織，比如脾、淋巴結、骨髓等。研究指出，在小鼠和人中的TLR9受體可響應細菌DNA中的未甲基化的CpG寡脫氧核苷酸序列來激活先天免疫應答[6]。
TLR9可以識別DNA分子中的未甲基化的CpG序列，CpG位點在脊椎動物非常稀少（~1%），但在細菌或病毒基因組中很豐富。TLR9在免疫系統的多種細胞中有表達，如B淋巴細胞、單核細胞、自然殺傷細胞（NK）和漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞。TLR9表達於細胞內，是核內體的組分之一，其功能為當細菌或病毒感染時結合其DNA上的富CpG基序來改變免疫系統的狀態。TLR9的信號會導致細胞啟動炎症反應，並分泌相關細胞因子，如I型干擾素和IL-12等。
臨床意義
[編輯]There are new immunomodulatory treatments undergoing testing which involve the administration of artificial DNA oligonucleotides containing the CpG motif. CpG DNA has applications in treating allergies such as asthma,[7] immunostimulation against cancer,[8] immunostimulation against pathogens, and as adjuvants in vaccines.[9]
蛋白質相互作用
[編輯]參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000239732 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045322 – Ensembl, 2017年5月
- ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B. Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution. Eur Cytokine Netw. Dec 2000, 11 (3): 362–71. PMID 11022119.
- ^ Entrez Gene: TLR9 toll-like receptor 9.
- ^ Kline JN. Eat dirt: CpG DNA and immunomodulation of asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc. July 2007, 4 (3): 283–8. PMC 2647631
. PMID 17607014. doi:10.1513/pats.200701-019AW.
- ^ Thompson JA, Kuzel T, Bukowski R, Masciari F, Schmalbach T. Phase Ib trial of a targeted TLR9 CpG immunomodulator (CPG 7909) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). July 2004, 22 (14S) [2016-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-08）.
- ^ Klinman DM. Adjuvant activity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Int. Rev. Immunol. 2006, 25 (3-4): 135–54. PMID 16818369. doi:10.1080/08830180600743057.
- ^ Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ. Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors. Nat. Immunol. May 2004, 5 (5): 495–502. PMID 15107846. doi:10.1038/ni1066.
延伸閱讀
[編輯]- Lien E, Ingalls RR. Toll-like receptors.. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 30 (1 Suppl): S1–11. PMID 11782555. doi:10.1097/00003246-200201001-00001.
- Kaisho T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors as adjuvant receptors.. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2002, 1589 (1): 1–13. PMID 11909637. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(01)00182-3.
外部連結
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